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Message: Creation of dynamic property Fatawa::$session is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
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Filename: models/MFatawa.php
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File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
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Message: Optional parameter $num declared before required parameter $category_id is implicitly treated as a required parameter
Filename: models/MFatawa.php
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File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
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Message: Optional parameter $offset declared before required parameter $category_id is implicitly treated as a required parameter
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File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
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File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
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Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$MFatawaCategories is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
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File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Fatawa.php
File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
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Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$MSettings is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
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File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
موقع الدكتور الشيخ علاء الدين الزعتري | أحكام صدقة الفطر
أحكام صدقة الفطر
تفصيل أحكام صدقة الفطر
زكاة الفطر عام 1439 هجري
فُرضت زكاة الفطر لسببين:
1 - طُهرةٌ للصائم من الرفث واللغو، فهي تَجُبر ما حصل من نقصان في الصوم، كجبران سجود السهو لنقص في الصلاة.
2 - طُعمَةٌ للفقراء والمساكين.
عن ابن عباس رضي الله عنهما قال: "فرض النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم زكاة الفطر طُهرَةٌ للصائم من اللغو والرفث، وطُعمَةٌ للفقراء والمساكين" رواه ابو داود.
زكاة الفطر واجبة عند السادة الحنفية والسادة الشافعية واستدلوا بالحديث الذي رواه الإمام أبو داوود عن سيدنا عبد الله بن عباس رضي الله عنهما قال فرض رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم زكاة الفطر طهرة للصائم من اللغو والرفث (يعني الكلام البذيء) وطعمة للمساكين
وقد قال عليه الصلاة والسلام الصيام معلق ما بين السماء والأرض لا يرفع إلا بأداء زكاة الفطر
تجب زكاة الفطر على كل مسلم صام أم لم يصم مريضاً كان أم معافى ذكراً كان أم أنثى صغيراً كان أم كبيراً مسافراً كان أم مقيماً مجنوناً كان أم سليماً
والمتزوج يدفع عن نفسه وعن أولاده الذين هم تحت كنفه عن كل فرد منهم زكاة لوحدها يعني لا يصح زكاة فطر واحدة عن الكل.
أما زوجته وأولاده الكبار فلا يجب عليه أن يخرج عنهم؛ لكن إن أخرجها عنهم جاز إن وكلوه أو أجازوا ذلك.
من الذي لا يجوز أن نعطيه زكاة فطرنا ومن الذي يجوز أن نعطيه
لا يجوز أن نعطي زكاة الفطر لا للأصول ولا للفروع.
الأصول هم والدك ووالده ووالدته ووالدتك ووالدها ووالدتها
الفروع هم ولدك وأولاده من الصبيان والبنات وبنتك وأولادها من الصبيان والبنات
لكن يجوز أن تعطي زكاة الفطر لصهرك زوج ابنتك ولو صرف عليها ويجوز أن تعطي لزوجة ابنك
ما مقدار زكاة الفطر
الأصل بزكاة الفطر هو الطعام يعني أن تعطي الفقير طعاماً لحديث سيدنا أبو سعيد الخدري رضي الله عنه أنه قال كنا نخرج زكاة الفطر صاعاً من طعام أو صاعاً من شعير أو صاعاً من تمر أو صاعاً من أقط أو صاعاً من زبيب
والصاع هو ما يقدر تقريباً ب 2 كيلو ونصف
يعني أن تعطي للفقير بهذا الوزن إحدى الأطعمة هذه أو تنظر ما هو غالب طعام أهل البلد الذي تسكن فيه فتعطي الفقير منه بمقدار 2 كيلو ونصف
وقد أجاز السادة الحنفية أن تعطي الفقير مالاً بدلاً عن الطعام واستدلوا بهذا من الحديث الذي رواه الإمام البيهقي عن سيدنا رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم أنه قال "أغنوهم عن السؤال في هذا اليوم" فيجوز أن تحسب ثمن مقدار 2 كيلو ونصف من غالب طعام أهل البلد وتعطيه للفقير وهذا يعرفه أهل الإفتاء في البلد وهم الذين يحددون القيمة النقدية
متى يبدأ وقت أداء زكاة الفطر، ومتى ينتهي وقتها
يبدأ وقت أداء زكاة الفطر من أول يوم من شهر رمضان بعد أذان الفجر وينتهي وقت أدائها عند بداية صلاة العيد وذلك لما رواه الإمام أبو داوود عن سيدنا عبد الله بن عباس رضي الله عنهما أنه قال: قال رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم (من أداها قبل الصلاة أي صلاة العيد فهي زكاة مقبولة ومن أداها بعد الصلاة أي صلاة العيد فهي صدقة من الصدقات).
هل يجوز إخراج زكاة الفطر إلى غير بلد
يجوز إخراج زكاة الفطر إلى غير البلد الذي تسكن فيه بشرط أن يكونوا فقراء أكثر من الناس الذين تعرفهم في البلد الذي تسكن فيه أنت
هل يجب على الأب أن يدفع زكاة الفطر عن الجنين الذي في بطن أمه
زكاة الفطر لا تجب على الجنين ولكن إذا ولد قبل صلاة العيد ولو بدقائق معدودة فقد وجبت عليه زكاة الفطر.
هل يجوز إخراج زكاة الفطر إلى غير بلد
يخرجها المكلف في موطن إقامته. ولا يجوز إرسالها إلى خارج موطن إقامته إلا لذي رحم محتاج، كالأخ والأخت والعم والعمة والخال والخالة وأولادهم، ويقدم الأقرب فالأقرب؛ إن كانوا فقراء محتاجين.
وإن أرسل قيمتها يقومها بموطن إقامته.
وقت وجوبها قبل صلاة العيد، ويجوز تقديمها على ذلك، ولا يجوز تأخيرها.
■ قيمة زكاة الفطر نقداً
سورية 1000 ليرة كحد أوسط
سورية 500 ليرة كحد أدنى
لبنان 7000 ليرة
الأردن 180 قرش
مصر 15 جنيه كحد أدنى
مصر 25 جنيه كحد أوسط
السعودية 20 ريال
الكويت دينار واحد
الإمارات 20 درهم
قطر 20 ريال
تركيا 19 ليرة
السودان 15 جنيه
الجزائر 100 دينار
المغرب 20 درهم
السويد 75 كرونة
ألمانيا 9 يورو
هذا هو الحد الأدنى فمن زاد وتطوع فهو خير له.
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