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موقع الدكتور الشيخ علاء الدين الزعتري | الأخذ من المال العام
الأخذ من المال العام
شخص تحصل على مال من جهة عامة حيث استلم مواد ثم باعها وكون رأس مال ثم بنى بيتاً واشترى سيارة منه والباقي صرفه على عائلته، علما بأن المواد أخذت بإذن المسؤول عنها ولديه علم بأنه سيتم بيعها وأخذ ثمنها للاستفادة منه، وأغلب العاملين كان ينهب هذه المواد ويبيعها، والآن الشخص تاب إلى الله ويريد حكم الشرع في هذا الموضوع علما بأن المال تصرف فيه والباقي قليل جداً ولا يمكنه رده ولا يوجد له دخل يمكنه من رد هذه المبالغ، فما هو رأي الشرع في ذلك ورأي العلماء؟
الجواب:
سؤالك قد اشتمل على عدة أمور:
الأمر الأول: الأخذ من المال العام بغير حق، وقد حذر النبي صلى الله عليه وسلم من أخذ المال العام بغير حق، ففي الصحيحين عن أبي سعيد الخدري رضي الله عنه: أن رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم قال: وإن هذا المال حلوة... من أخذه بحقه فنعم المعونة، ومن أخذ بغير حقه كان كالذي يأكل ولا يشبع. وفي رواية لهما: ويكون عليه شهيداً يوم القيامة.
وفيهما عن أبي حميد مرفوعاً: والله لا يأخذ أحد منكم شيئاً بغير حقه إلا لقي الله تعالى يوم القيامة يحمله.
وفي البخاري عن خولة الأنصارية مرفوعاً: إن رجالاً يتخوضون في مال الله بغير حق، فلهم النار يوم القيامة.
وإذن المسؤول لا يسوغ ذلك ما لم يكن مخولاً بذلك من الجهات المختصة، وكان إذنه وفقاً للوائح، وكذا سرقة الآخرين للمال العام ونهبهم له كل ذلك لا يسوغ ما ذكر في السؤال، بل الواجب هو نهيهم ونصحهم.
والأمر الثاني: هو عن كيفية التخلص من المال الحرام الذي أخذ من الدولة، وذلك يكون بإرجاعه إلى بيت مال الدولة إذا كان القائمون عليه يعدلون فيه جباية وتوزيعاً، وإلا لم يجز إرجاعه إليهم، بل يصرف في مصالح المسلمين العامة، كالقناطر والمساجد ومصالح الطريق ونحو ذلك مما يشترك المسلمون فيه، وإلا فيتصدق به الشخص على فقير أو فقراء ولو كانوا من الأقارب بشرط أن يكونوا ممن لا تجب عليه نفقتهم، وينبغي أن يتولى ذلك القاضي إن كان عفيفاً، فإن لم يكن عفيفاً لم يجز التسليم إليه، بل ينبغي أن يحكم رجل من أهل البلد دين عالم، فإن لم يكن ذلك تولى الأمر بنفسه، فإن المقصود هو الصرف إلى هذه الجهة.
والأمر الثالث: هو حكم الأرباح التي تم الحصول عليها من المال المأخوذ بغير حق، حيث إن الربح الناشئ عن استثمار المال المسروق، راجع إلى مسألة: هل الربح يتبع المال فيفعل به ما يفعل بالمال؟ أم يتبع الجهد المبذول فيبقى مع آخذه؟
اختلف الفقهاء في هذه المسألة على قولين:
الأول: أن الربح يتبع رأس المال، ولا يتبع الجهد المبذول إذا كان أخذ بغير إذن مالكه، وليس لآخذه منه شيء، وهذا قول أبي حنيفة وأحمد في ظاهر المذهب، وهو مذهب ابن حزم أيضاً.
الثاني: أن الربح تبع للجهد المبذول لا لرأس المال، ومن ثم يكون الربح الناشيء من استثمار المال الحرام للآخذ وليس لرب المال، وهذا قول المالكية والشافعية مستدلين بقوله صلى الله عليه وسلم: الخراج بالضمان. رواه أحمد وأصحاب السنن.
فعلى مذهب الحنفية والحنابلة يلزم التخلص من كل المال (رأس المال والربح) وعلى مذهب المالكية والشافعية يلزم التخلص من رأس المال فقط دون الربح، وهذا القول الأخير هو الأقرب إلى الصواب والأنسب بالقواعد والمقاصد الشرعية، وإذا لم يستطع الشخص التحلل مما أخذ لعدم قدرته على ذلك، فإنه يبقى في ذمته حتى يستطيع.
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