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Message: Creation of dynamic property Lessons::$session is deprecated
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Filename: models/MLessons.php
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File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
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File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
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Message: Optional parameter $num declared before required parameter $category_id is implicitly treated as a required parameter
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File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
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Message: Optional parameter $offset declared before required parameter $category_id is implicitly treated as a required parameter
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Message: Creation of dynamic property Lessons::$MLessons is deprecated
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File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
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File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
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File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
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Filename: core/Loader.php
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File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Lessons.php
File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
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Filename: core/Loader.php
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File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Lessons.php
File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
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Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$session is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
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File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
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Backtrace:
File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Lessons.php
File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
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Backtrace:
File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Lessons.php
File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
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Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$MSettings is deprecated
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Backtrace:
File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Lessons.php
File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
موقع الدكتور الشيخ علاء الدين الزعتري | الكفاءة في الحرفة في الزواج
الكفاءة في الحرفة في الزواج
982 الكفاءة في الحرفة في الزواج 14 7 1443 16 2 2021
الكفاءة
المادة 26 - يشترط في لزوم الزواج أن يكون الرجل كفؤاً للمرأة.
ج – الكفاءة في الحرفة:
الحرفة ما يطلب به الرّزق من الصنائع وغيرها، والحرفة الدنيئة ما دلت ملابستها على انحطاط المروءة وسقوط النفس، كملابسة القاذورات([1] .
وقد ذهب الحنفية - في المفتى به وهو قول أبي يوسف - والشافعية والحنابلة - في الرّواية المعتمدة عن الإمام - إلى اعتبار الحرفة في الكفاءة في النّكاح، لقوله تعالى: {وَاللَّهُ فَضَّلَ بَعْضَكُمْ عَلَى بَعْضٍ فِي الرِّزْقِ} [النحل: 71]، أي: في سببه، فبعضهم يصل إليه بعزّ وراحة، وبعضهم بذلّ ومشقة، ولأنّ الناس يتفاخرون بشرف الحرف، ويتعيرون بدناءتها.
وعن أبي حنيفة وفي رواية عن أحمد: أنّ الحرفة غير معتبرة في الكفاءة في النّكاح؛ لأنّه يمكن الانتقال والتحوّل عن الخسيسة إلى النّفيسة منها، فليست وصفاً لازماً.
وروي نحو ذلك عن أبي يوسف، حيث قال: إنّها غير معتبرة إلا أن تكون فاحشةً؛ كحرفة الحجام والكنّاس والدباغ، فلا يكون كلّ منهم كفءَ بنت العطار والصيرفيّ والجوهريّ.
ووفق ما ذهب إليه جمهور الفقهاء لا يكون الرجل صاحب الصّناعة أو الحرفة الدنيئة أو الخسيسة كفءَ بنت صاحب الصّناعة أو الحرفة الرفيعة أو الشريفة؛ لما يكون في نقص في عرف الناس وهو نقص أشبه بالنقص في النّسب.
وقال الحنفية: تثبت الكفاءة بين الحرفتين في جنس واحد، كالبزاز (مَن يعمل في مجال الأقمشة والألبسة صناعة وبيعاً) مع البزاز، والحائك مع الحائك، وتثبت عند اختلاف جنس الحرفة إذا كان يقارب بعضها بعضاً، كالبزاز مع الصائغ، والصائغ مع العطار، ولا تثبت فيما لا مقاربة بينهما، كالعطار مع البيطار، والبزاز مع الخراز (مَن يعمل في مجال الأحذية صناعة أو بيعاً).
وقال الشافعية: الاعتبار بالعرف العامّ لبلد الزوجة لا لبلد العقد؛ لأنّ المدار على تعييرها أو عدمه، وذلك يعرف بالنّسبة لحرف بلدها، أي التي هي بها حالة العقد.
قال الرمليّ: حرفة الآباء - كحرفة الزوج - معتبرة في الكفاءة، والأوجه أنّ كل ذي حرفة فيها مباشرةُ نجاسةٍ ليس كفءَ الذي حرفته لا مباشرة فيها للنّجاسة، وأنّ بقية الحِرَفِ التي لم يذكروا فيها تفاضلاً متساويةٌ؛ إلا إن اطرد العرف بتفاوتها، وقال: من له حرفتان: دنية ورفيعة اعتبر ما اشتُهر به، وإلا غُلِّبَت الدنية، بل لو قيل بتغليبها مطلقاً لم يبعد؛ لأنّه لا يخلو عن تعييره بها([2] .
وأضاف القليوبيّ: لو ترك حرفةً لأرفع منها أو عكسه، اعتبر قطع نسبته عن الأولى، وليس تعاطي الحرفة الدنيئة لتواضع أو كسر نفس أو لنفع المسلمين بغير أجرة مضرّاً في الكفاءة.
والعلمُ - بشرط عدم الفسق - وكذلك القضاءُ أرفعُ الحرف كلّها، فيكافئان سائر الحرف، فلو جاءت امرأة لا يعرف نسبها إلى قاض ليزوّجها، لا يزوّجها إلا من ابن عالم أو قاض دون غيرهما؛ لاحتمال شرفها بالنّسب إلى أحدهما.
والمراد ببنت العالم والقاضي من في آبائها المنسوبة إليهم أحدهما وإن علا؛ لأنّ ذلك مما تفتخر به.
وبحث الأذرعيّ أنّ العلم مع الفسق لا أثر له؛ إذ لا فخر له حينئذ في العرف، فضلاً عن الشرع، وصرح بذلك في القضاء فقال: إن كان القاضي أهلاً فعالم وزيادة، أو غير أهل ففي النظر إليه نظر.
والجاهل لا يكون كفء عالمة؛ لأنّ العلم إذا اعتبر في آبائها فلَأَنْ يعتبر فيها بالأولى؛ إذ أقلّ مراتب العلم أن يكون كالحرفة، وصاحب الحرفة الدنيئة لا يكافئ صاحب الحرفة الشريفة([3] .
ولا يعتبر المالكية الحرفة من خصال الكفاءة في النّكاح؛ إذ الكفاءة عندهم في الدّين والحال.
أما الدّين فهو المماثلة أو المقاربة في التديّن بشرائع الإسلام لا في مجرد أصل الإسلام.
وأما الحال فهو المماثلة أو المقاربة في السلامة من العيوب الموجبة للخيار، لا الحسب والنّسب([4] .
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