موقع الدكتور الشيخ علاء الدين الزعتري | الدرس السادس من الأشباه والنظائر

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_URI::$config is deprecated

Filename: core/URI.php

Line Number: 101

Backtrace:

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Router::$uri is deprecated

Filename: core/Router.php

Line Number: 127

Backtrace:

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property Lessons::$benchmark is deprecated

Filename: core/Controller.php

Line Number: 75

Backtrace:

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Lessons.php
Line: 5
Function: __construct

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property Lessons::$hooks is deprecated

Filename: core/Controller.php

Line Number: 75

Backtrace:

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Lessons.php
Line: 5
Function: __construct

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property Lessons::$config is deprecated

Filename: core/Controller.php

Line Number: 75

Backtrace:

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Lessons.php
Line: 5
Function: __construct

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property Lessons::$log is deprecated

Filename: core/Controller.php

Line Number: 75

Backtrace:

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Lessons.php
Line: 5
Function: __construct

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property Lessons::$utf8 is deprecated

Filename: core/Controller.php

Line Number: 75

Backtrace:

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Lessons.php
Line: 5
Function: __construct

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property Lessons::$uri is deprecated

Filename: core/Controller.php

Line Number: 75

Backtrace:

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Lessons.php
Line: 5
Function: __construct

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property Lessons::$exceptions is deprecated

Filename: core/Controller.php

Line Number: 75

Backtrace:

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Lessons.php
Line: 5
Function: __construct

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property Lessons::$router is deprecated

Filename: core/Controller.php

Line Number: 75

Backtrace:

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Lessons.php
Line: 5
Function: __construct

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property Lessons::$output is deprecated

Filename: core/Controller.php

Line Number: 75

Backtrace:

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Lessons.php
Line: 5
Function: __construct

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property Lessons::$security is deprecated

Filename: core/Controller.php

Line Number: 75

Backtrace:

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Lessons.php
Line: 5
Function: __construct

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property Lessons::$input is deprecated

Filename: core/Controller.php

Line Number: 75

Backtrace:

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Lessons.php
Line: 5
Function: __construct

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property Lessons::$lang is deprecated

Filename: core/Controller.php

Line Number: 75

Backtrace:

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Lessons.php
Line: 5
Function: __construct

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property Lessons::$load is deprecated

Filename: core/Controller.php

Line Number: 78

Backtrace:

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Lessons.php
Line: 5
Function: __construct

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property Lessons::$db is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 390

Backtrace:

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Lessons.php
Line: 5
Function: __construct

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_DB_mysqli_driver::$failover is deprecated

Filename: database/DB_driver.php

Line Number: 371

Backtrace:

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Lessons.php
Line: 5
Function: __construct

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Return type of CI_Session_files_driver::open($save_path, $name) should either be compatible with SessionHandlerInterface::open(string $path, string $name): bool, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice

Filename: drivers/Session_files_driver.php

Line Number: 113

Backtrace:

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Lessons.php
Line: 5
Function: __construct

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Return type of CI_Session_files_driver::close() should either be compatible with SessionHandlerInterface::close(): bool, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice

Filename: drivers/Session_files_driver.php

Line Number: 280

Backtrace:

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Lessons.php
Line: 5
Function: __construct

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Return type of CI_Session_files_driver::read($session_id) should either be compatible with SessionHandlerInterface::read(string $id): string|false, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice

Filename: drivers/Session_files_driver.php

Line Number: 145

Backtrace:

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Lessons.php
Line: 5
Function: __construct

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Return type of CI_Session_files_driver::write($session_id, $session_data) should either be compatible with SessionHandlerInterface::write(string $id, string $data): bool, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice

Filename: drivers/Session_files_driver.php

Line Number: 223

Backtrace:

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Lessons.php
Line: 5
Function: __construct

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Return type of CI_Session_files_driver::destroy($session_id) should either be compatible with SessionHandlerInterface::destroy(string $id): bool, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice

Filename: drivers/Session_files_driver.php

Line Number: 303

Backtrace:

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Lessons.php
Line: 5
Function: __construct

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Return type of CI_Session_files_driver::gc($maxlifetime) should either be compatible with SessionHandlerInterface::gc(int $max_lifetime): int|false, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice

Filename: drivers/Session_files_driver.php

Line Number: 344

Backtrace:

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Lessons.php
Line: 5
Function: __construct

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: Warning

Message: ini_set(): Session ini settings cannot be changed after headers have already been sent

Filename: Session/Session.php

Line Number: 281

Backtrace:

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Lessons.php
Line: 5
Function: __construct

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: Warning

Message: session_set_cookie_params(): Session cookie parameters cannot be changed after headers have already been sent

Filename: Session/Session.php

Line Number: 288

Backtrace:

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Lessons.php
Line: 5
Function: __construct

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: Warning

Message: ini_set(): Session ini settings cannot be changed after headers have already been sent

Filename: Session/Session.php

Line Number: 303

Backtrace:

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Lessons.php
Line: 5
Function: __construct

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: Warning

Message: ini_set(): Session ini settings cannot be changed after headers have already been sent

Filename: Session/Session.php

Line Number: 313

Backtrace:

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Lessons.php
Line: 5
Function: __construct

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: Warning

Message: ini_set(): Session ini settings cannot be changed after headers have already been sent

Filename: Session/Session.php

Line Number: 314

Backtrace:

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Lessons.php
Line: 5
Function: __construct

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: Warning

Message: ini_set(): Session ini settings cannot be changed after headers have already been sent

Filename: Session/Session.php

Line Number: 315

Backtrace:

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Lessons.php
Line: 5
Function: __construct

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: Warning

Message: ini_set(): Session ini settings cannot be changed after headers have already been sent

Filename: Session/Session.php

Line Number: 316

Backtrace:

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Lessons.php
Line: 5
Function: __construct

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: Warning

Message: ini_set(): Session ini settings cannot be changed after headers have already been sent

Filename: drivers/Session_files_driver.php

Line Number: 94

Backtrace:

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Lessons.php
Line: 5
Function: __construct

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: Warning

Message: session_set_save_handler(): Session save handler cannot be changed after headers have already been sent

Filename: Session/Session.php

Line Number: 107

Backtrace:

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Lessons.php
Line: 5
Function: __construct

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: Warning

Message: session_start(): Session cannot be started after headers have already been sent

Filename: Session/Session.php

Line Number: 140

Backtrace:

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Lessons.php
Line: 5
Function: __construct

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property Lessons::$session is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 1290

Backtrace:

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Lessons.php
Line: 5
Function: __construct

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Optional parameter $num declared before required parameter $category_id is implicitly treated as a required parameter

Filename: models/MLessons.php

Line Number: 37

Backtrace:

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Lessons.php
Line: 7
Function: model

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Optional parameter $offset declared before required parameter $category_id is implicitly treated as a required parameter

Filename: models/MLessons.php

Line Number: 0

Backtrace:

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Lessons.php
Line: 7
Function: model

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Optional parameter $num declared before required parameter $category_id is implicitly treated as a required parameter

Filename: models/MLessons.php

Line Number: 98

Backtrace:

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Lessons.php
Line: 7
Function: model

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Optional parameter $offset declared before required parameter $category_id is implicitly treated as a required parameter

Filename: models/MLessons.php

Line Number: 0

Backtrace:

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Lessons.php
Line: 7
Function: model

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property Lessons::$MLessons is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 353

Backtrace:

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Lessons.php
Line: 7
Function: model

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property Lessons::$MLessonsCategories is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 353

Backtrace:

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Lessons.php
Line: 8
Function: model

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property Lessons::$MSettings is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 353

Backtrace:

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Lessons.php
Line: 9
Function: model

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$benchmark is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 925

Backtrace:

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Lessons.php
Line: 97
Function: view

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$hooks is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 925

Backtrace:

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Lessons.php
Line: 97
Function: view

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$config is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 925

Backtrace:

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Lessons.php
Line: 97
Function: view

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$log is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 925

Backtrace:

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Lessons.php
Line: 97
Function: view

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$utf8 is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 925

Backtrace:

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Lessons.php
Line: 97
Function: view

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$uri is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 925

Backtrace:

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Lessons.php
Line: 97
Function: view

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$exceptions is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 925

Backtrace:

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Lessons.php
Line: 97
Function: view

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$router is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 925

Backtrace:

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Lessons.php
Line: 97
Function: view

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$output is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 925

Backtrace:

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Lessons.php
Line: 97
Function: view

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$security is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 925

Backtrace:

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Lessons.php
Line: 97
Function: view

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$input is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 925

Backtrace:

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Lessons.php
Line: 97
Function: view

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$lang is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 925

Backtrace:

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Lessons.php
Line: 97
Function: view

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$load is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 925

Backtrace:

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Lessons.php
Line: 97
Function: view

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$db is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 925

Backtrace:

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Lessons.php
Line: 97
Function: view

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$session is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 925

Backtrace:

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Lessons.php
Line: 97
Function: view

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$MLessons is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 925

Backtrace:

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Lessons.php
Line: 97
Function: view

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$MLessonsCategories is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 925

Backtrace:

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Lessons.php
Line: 97
Function: view

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$MSettings is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 925

Backtrace:

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Lessons.php
Line: 97
Function: view

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

الدرس السادس من الأشباه والنظائر

الدرس السادس من الأشباه والنظائر

البيعتان في بيعة^{(^[1])}

ورد النّهي عنها في ثلاث روايات:

الأولى: "نَهَى رَسُولُ اللَّهِ r عَنْ بَيْعَتَيْنِ فِي بَيْعَةٍ"^{(^[2])}.

الثّانية: أنّ النّبيّ r قال: "مَنْ بَاعَ بَيْعَتَيْنِ فِي بَيْعَةٍ فَلَهُ أَوْكَسُهُمَا (أي: أنقصهما^{(^[3])})، أَوْ الرِّبَا"^{(^[4])}.

الثّالثة: "نَهَى رَسُولُ اللَّهِ r عَنْ صَفْقَتَيْنِ فِي صَفْقَةٍ وَاحِدَةٍ"^{(^[5])}.

فالبيعتان في بيعة عقد محرّم، يأثم من يقدم عليه؛ لمخالفته النّهي، وهو عقد فاسد.

والمراد بهذه المسألة: جمع بيعتين في عقد واحد، وتسمية ذلك العقد بيعتين باعتبار تعدّد الثّمن.

تعددت أقوال العلماء في بيان معنى البيعتين في بيعة، وإليك بعض صورها:

الأوّلى^{(^[6])}: أن يبيع الرّجل السّلعة، فيقول (عاقداً وليس عارضاً للأسعار، ومبيناً): هي نقداً بكذا، ونسيئةً بكذا، أي: بثمن أكثر من الثّمن الأوّل، ويفترقان على الإبهام بين الثّمنين.

الثانية^{(^[7])}: أن يقول: بعتك هذا بألف نقداً أو ألفين إلى سنة؛ فخذ بأيّهما شئت أنت وشئت أنا، ويفترقان على الإبهام.

الثالثة^{(^[8])}: البيع بثمنين معجّل ومؤجّل أعلى منه، مع الإبهام: إذا باع سلعةً بألف حالّةً أو ألف ومئة إلى سنة، وقد وجب عليه أحدهما؛ فإن عيّنا أحد الثّمنين قبل الافتراق جاز البيع، وإن افترقا على الإبهام لم يجز، فهذا كأنّه وجب عليك بدينار نقداً، فأخّرته فجعلته بدينارين إلى أجل، أو فكأنّه وجب عليك بدينارين إلى أجل فجعلتهما بدينار نقداً.

الرابعة^{(^[9])}: أن يقول: بعتك هذه السّلعة بمئة إلى سنة على أن أشتريها منك – أي: بعد ذلك - بثمانين حالّةً، قال ابن القيم: وهذا معنى الحديث الوارد في البيعتين في بيعة، وهو مطابق لقول النّبيّ r: "فَلَهُ أَوْكَسُهُمَا (أي: أنقصهما^{(^[10])}) أَوْ الرِّبَا"^{(^[11])}، فإنّه إمّا أن يأخذ الثّمن الزّائد فيربي، أو الثّمن الأوّل فيكون هو أوكسهما.

الخامسة^{(^[12])}: هو أن يشترطا بيعاً في بيع؛ بأن يقول: بعتك هذه السيارة بألف على أن تبيعني دارك بكذا، أي: إذا وجب لك عندي فقد وجب لي عندك.

السادسة^{(^[13])}: أن يبيع داراً بشرط أن يسكنها البائع شهراً، أو سيارة على أن يستخدمها المشتري ولو مدّةً معيّنةً، ونحو ذلك.

علة المنع في البيعتين في بيعة:

الأولى: أنّ في ذلك رباً، والتّعليل بهذه العلّة مستند إلى بعض الرّوايات.

الثّانية: الجهالة في الثّمن وعدم استقراره^{(^[14])}.

وينبغي بيان حكم:

تعدد الأسعار: السعر هو ما يعرضه البائع من أسعار بضاعة واحدة تبعاً لأسلوب الدفع؛ بأن يعرض البائع أن سعر البضاعة إذا تم الدفع الآن نقداً 1000 مثلاً، وإذا تم الدفع بعد شهر فالسعر 1050، وإذا تم الدفع بعد سنة فالسعر 1150، وهكذا، فهذا التعدد للأسعار جائز، وهو من باب العرض والبيان وليس من باب العقود، وهو أشبه بالمساومة والمفاوضة.

فإذا قال: بعتك هذا بألف نقداً أو ألفين إلى سنة؛ فخذ بأيّهما شئت أنت وشئت أنا، وكان جواب المشتري: قبلت بألف نقداً، أو قال: قبلت بألفين نسيئةً؛ صحّ ذلك^{(^[15])}، قال ابن قدامة: وإنّما يصحّ إذا قال المشتري بعد ذلك: أنا آخذه بالنّسيئة بكذا، فقال البائع: خذه، أو قد رضيت، أو نحو ذلك، فيكون عقداً كافياً^{(^[16])}.

[الْكِتَاب الْأَوَّل: فِي شَرْح الْقَوَاعِد الْخَمْس الَّتِي تَرْجِع إلَيْهَا جَمِيع مَسَائِل الْفِقْه]

الْكِتَاب الْأَوَّل

فِي شَرْح الْقَوَاعِد الْخَمْس الَّتِي ذَكَرَ الْأَصْحَاب أَنَّ جَمِيع مَسَائِل الْفِقْه تَرْجِع إلَيْهَا حَكَى الْقَاضِي أَبُو سَعِيدٍ الْهَرَوِيُّ [أبو سعد، القاضي محمد بن أحمد، ت 488 هـ]: أَنَّ بَعْض أَئِمَّة الْحَنَفِيَّة بِهَرَاةَ [بخراسان بإيران] بَلَغَهُ أَنَّ الْإِمَام أَبَا طَاهِرٍ الدَّبَّاسَ [محمد بن محمد] إمَام الْحَنَفِيَّة بِمَا وَرَاءَ النَّهْرِ، رَدَّ جَمِيع مَذْهَب أَبِي حَنِيفَة إلَى سَبْع عَشْرَة قَاعِدَة، فَسَافَرَ إلَيْهِ.

وَكَانَ أَبُو طَاهِرٍ، ضَرِيرًا وَكَانَ يُكَرِّرُ كُلَّ لَيْلَةٍ تِلْكَ الْقَوَاعِدِ بِمَسْجِدِهِ بَعْدَ أَنْ يَخْرُجَ النَّاسُ مِنْهُ فَالْتَفَّ الْهَرَوِيُّ بِحَصِيرٍ، وَخَرَجَ النَّاسُ، وَأَغْلَقَ أَبُو طَاهِرٍ الْمَسْجِدَ وَسَرَدَ مِنْ تِلْكَ الْقَوَاعِدِ سَبْعًا، فَحَصَلَتْ لِلْهَرَوِيِّ سَعْلَةٌ فَأَحَسَّ بِهِ أَبُو طَاهِرٍ فَضَرَبَهُ وَأَخْرَجَهُ مَنْ الْمَسْجِد، ثُمَّ لَمْ يُكَرِّرْهَا فِيهِ بَعْد ذَلِكَ، فَرَجَعَ الْهَرَوِيُّ إلَى أَصْحَابه، وَتَلَا عَلَيْهِمْ تِلْكَ السَّبْع.

قَالَ الْقَاضِي أَبُو سَعِيدٍ: فَلَمَّا بَلَغَ الْقَاضِي حُسَيْنًا ذَلِكَ رَدَّ جَمِيع مَذْهَب الشَّافِعِيِّ إلَى أَرْبَع قَوَاعِد:

الْأُولَى: الْيَقِين لَا يُزَال بِالشَّكِّ.

وَأَصْل ذَلِكَ قَوْله صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ «إنَّ الشَّيْطَانَ لَيَأْتِي أَحَدَكُمْ وَهُوَ فِي صَلَاته، فَيَقُولُ لَهُ: أَحْدَثْتَ فَلَا يَنْصَرِفْ، حَتَّى يَسْمَعَ صَوْتًا أَوْ يَجِدَ رِيحًا».

وَالثَّانِيَة: الْمَشَقَّة تَجْلِب التَّيْسِير

قَالَ تَعَالَى {وَمَا جَعَلَ عَلَيْكُمْ فِي الدِّينِ مِنْ حَرَجٍ} [الحج: 78]

وَقَالَ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ «بُعِثْتُ بِالْحَنِيفِيَّةِ السَّمْحَةِ».

الثَّالِثَة: الضَّرَر يُزَال.

وَأَصْلُهَا قَوْله صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ «لَا ضَرَرَ وَلَا ضِرَارَ».

الرَّابِعَة: الْعَادَة مُحَكَّمَةٌ،

لِقَوْلِهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ «مَا رَآهُ الْمُسْلِمُونَ حَسَنًا فَهُوَ عِنْدَ اللَّهِ حَسَنٌ» انْتَهَى.

قَالَ بَعْض الْمُتَأَخِّرِينَ: فِي كَوْن هَذِهِ الْأَرْبَع دَعَائِم الْفِقْه كُلِّه نَظَرٌ، فَإِنَّ غَالِبه لَا يَرْجِع إلَيْهَا إلَّا بِوَاسِطَةِ وَتَكَلُّف.

وَضَمّ بَعْض الْفُضَلَاء إلَى هَذِهِ قَاعِدَة خَامِسَة وَهِيَ:

الْأُمُور بِمَقَاصِدِهَا،

لِقَوْلِهِ صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ «إنَّمَا الْأَعْمَالُ بِالنِّيَّاتِ»

وَقَالَ «بُنِيَ الْإِسْلَامُ عَلَى خَمْسٍ» وَالْفِقْه عَلَى خَمْس.

قَالَ الْعَلَائِيُّ: وَهُوَ حَسَن جِدًّا، فَقَدْ قَالَ الْإِمَام الشَّافِعِيُّ يَدْخُل فِي هَذَا الْحَدِيث ثُلُث الْعِلْم

وَقَالَ الشَّيْخُ تَاجُ الدِّينِ السُّبْكِيُّ: التَّحْقِيقُ عِنْدِي أَنَّهُ إنْ أُرِيدَ رُجُوعُ الْفِقْهِ إلَى خَمْسٍ بِتَعَسُّفٍ وَتَكَلُّف وَقَوْلٍ جملي، فَالْخَامِسَة [الأمور بمقاصدها] دَاخِلَة فِي الْأُولَى [اليقين لا يزال بالشك]،

بَلْ رَجَّعَ الشَّيْخ عِزُّ الدِّينِ بْنُ عَبْدِ السَّلَامِ الْفِقْه كُلّه إلَى اعْتِبَار الْمَصَالِح وَدَرْء الْمَفَاسِد،

بَلْ قَدْ يَرْجِع الْكُلّ إلَى اعْتِبَار الْمَصَالِح، فَإِنَّ دَرْء الْمَفَاسِد مِنْ جُمْلَتهَا [اعتبار المصالح وجلبها].

وَيُقَال عَلَى هَذَا: وَاحِدَة مِنْ هَؤُلَاءِ الْخَمْس كَافِيَة، وَالْأَشْبَه أَنَّهَا الثَّالِثَة [الضرر يزال]،

وَإِنْ أُرِيد الرُّجُوع بِوُضُوحِ، فَإِنَّهَا تَرْبُو عَلَى الْخَمْسِينَ، بَلْ عَلَى الْمِئِينَ اهـ.

وَهَا أَنَا أَشْرَح هَذِهِ الْقَوَاعِد، وَأُبَيِّن مَا فِيهَا مِنْ النَّظَائِر.

([1]) يُنْظَر: المبسوط، السرخسي، 13/16، والفواكه الدواني، 2/95، والأم، 3/75، وعمدة الفقه، 1/47.

([2]) رواه الترمذي، 1231، 3/533.

([3]) النهاية في غريب الحديث والأثر، ابن الأثير، 5/219.

([4]) رواه أبو داود، 3461، 3/274.

([5]) قال الهيثمي في مجمع الزوائد: رواه البزار وأحمد، 4/84.

([6]) يُنْظَر: نصب الراية، 4/20.

([7]) يُنْظَر: الوسيط، 3/72.

([8]) يُنْظَر: جواهر الإكليل، 2/22، وحاشيتا قليوبي وعميرة، 2/177.

([9]) يُنْظَر: المغني، ابن قدامة، 4/127.

([10]) النهاية في غريب الحديث والأثر، ابن الأثير، 5/219.

([11]) رواه أبو داود، 3461، 3/274.

([12]) يُنْظَر: شرح فتح القدير، ابن الهمام، 6/447، والتمهيد، 24/391، والمهذب، الشيرازي، 1/267، وعمدة الفقه، 1/47.

([13]) يُنْظَر: شرح فتح القدير، ابن الهمام، 6/80.

([14]) يُنْظَر: المبدع، ابن مفلح، 4/35.

([15]) يُنْظَر: الإنصاف، المرداوي، 4/311، وكشاف القناع، البهوتي، 3/174.

([16]) يُنْظَر: المغني، ابن قدامة، 4/161.