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موقع الدكتور الشيخ علاء الدين الزعتري | التأصيل الشرعي للتأمين:
التأصيل الشرعي للتأمين:
التأصيل الشرعي للتأمين:
التأمين وسيلة للوصول إلى غاية وهي تحقيق الأمن، ويرتكز على ادخار جزء من المال لمواجهة الحوادث والحاجات المستقبلية، سواء تم ذلك على المستوى الشخصي الفردي، أو تم على المستوى الجماعي، ووفق هذا التصور يمكن أن نؤصل للتأمين من الناحية الشرعية على الوجه التالي:
أ – الأمن نعمة إلهية، وحاجة إنسانية:
1- أما كونه نعمة إلهية فيظهر في أن الله سبحانه وتعالى امتن بالأمن على عباده ومن المعروف أنه لا يمتن إلا بالنعم، ويستدل على ذلك بقوله تعالى: {فَلْيَعْبُدُوا رَبَّ هَذَا الْبَيْتِ* الَّذِي أَطْعَمَهُمْ مِنْ جُوعٍ وَءَامَنَهُمْ مِنْ خَوْفٍ} [قريش: 3 -4].
وقد كان الأمن أحد مطلبين في دعاء سيدنا إبراهيم لأهله ولمكة في قوله تعالى: {وَإِذْ قَالَ إِبْرَاهِيمُ رَبِّ اجْعَلْ هَذَا بَلَدًا ءَامِنًا وَارْزُقْ أَهْلَهُ مِنَ الثَّمَرَاتِ} [البقرة: 126].
2- وأما كونه حاجة إنسانية، فإن علماء الاقتصاد يشيرون إلى أن الهدف من الاقتصاد إشباع الحاجات الإنسانية بالموارد المتاحة.
وقد قسموا هذه الحاجات إلى نوعين هما:
النوع الأول: الحاجات الفسيولوجية (الجسمية) والتي يأتي الطعام على قمتها ثم الشراب والمسكن والملبس.
والنوع الثاني: الحاجات السيكولوجية (النفسية) ويأتي على قمتها الحاجة إلى الأمن ثم الانتماء والتقدير.
ب- التأمين مطلب شرعي:
وإذا كان الأمن بهذه الأهمية في الشريعة فإن طلبه مشروع، وقد أخذ هذا الطلب صورته المعاصرة عن طريق التأمين.
وهو في المجال الاقتصادي والمالي يتم بادخار جزء من المال في حالة السعة لمواجهة حالات الحاجة والعوز التي يمكن أن تقع بانقطاع مصدر الدخل أو لمواجهة زيادة المتطلبات الاقتصادية أو لاستبدال مال هلك.
وهذا ما يؤكد عليه القرآن في الآيات التي تناولت إنفاق المال حيث طالبت بإنفاق بعض المال وليس كله، مما يعنى ضرورة ادخار جزء منه، كما في قوله تعالى: {وَمِمَّا رَزَقْنَاهُمْ يُنْفِقُونَ} [البقرة: 2] فالمطلوب إنفاق بعض الرزق أو الدخل وادخار الباقي لمواجهة الحاجات المستقبلية.
وهذا ما تؤكده الأحاديث النبوية كمثل الحديث الجامع لأركان الاقتصاد الثلاثة (الكسب – الإنفاق – الادخار).
والذى يقول فيه رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم: "رحم الله امرءاً اكتسب طيباً، وأنفق قصدا،ً وقدم فضلاً ليوم فقره وحاجته" [ابن النجار]. والفضل ما زاد من الدخل أو الكسب بعد الإنفاق.
وفي حديث رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم لسعد بن أبي وقاص حينما أراد أن يتصدق بماله: "إنك إن تدع ورثتك أغنياء خير من أن تدعهم عالة يتكففون الناس ما في أيديهم" النسائي].
فهذا توجيه للاحتياط مالياً بالادخار للمستقبل وعدم إنفاق كل المال وهو بالضبط مغزى التأمين.
جـ- التعاون على التأمين قيمة إسلامية:
حيث يقول الله سبحانه وتعالى: {وَتَعَاوَنُوا عَلَى الْبِرِّ وَالتَّقْوَى} [المائدة: 2] والبر هو كل ما فيه خير، ومن أبواب النفع مدّ يد العون لمن أصابه ضرر في نفسه أو ماله خاصة، وأنه قد تطرأ على الإنسان حاجة في مستقبل الأيام لا تكفى مدخراته الشخصية عن مواجهتها، وهنا يأتي التعاون بين الناس بتجميع مدخراتهم معاً وتعويض من يتعرض منهم لخطر يصيبه في ماله من هذه المدخرات.
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