A PHP Error was encountered
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Filename: core/Router.php
Line Number: 127
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A PHP Error was encountered
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Message: Creation of dynamic property Publications::$benchmark is deprecated
Filename: core/Controller.php
Line Number: 75
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File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Publications.php
File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Publications::$hooks is deprecated
Filename: core/Controller.php
Line Number: 75
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File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Publications.php
File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Publications::$config is deprecated
Filename: core/Controller.php
Line Number: 75
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File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Publications.php
File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Publications::$log is deprecated
Filename: core/Controller.php
Line Number: 75
Backtrace:
File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Publications.php
File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Publications::$utf8 is deprecated
Filename: core/Controller.php
Line Number: 75
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File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Publications.php
File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Publications::$uri is deprecated
Filename: core/Controller.php
Line Number: 75
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File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Publications.php
File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
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Message: Creation of dynamic property Publications::$exceptions is deprecated
Filename: core/Controller.php
Line Number: 75
Backtrace:
File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Publications.php
File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Publications::$router is deprecated
Filename: core/Controller.php
Line Number: 75
Backtrace:
File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Publications.php
File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Publications::$output is deprecated
Filename: core/Controller.php
Line Number: 75
Backtrace:
File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Publications.php
File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Publications::$security is deprecated
Filename: core/Controller.php
Line Number: 75
Backtrace:
File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Publications.php
File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Publications::$input is deprecated
Filename: core/Controller.php
Line Number: 75
Backtrace:
File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Publications.php
File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Publications::$lang is deprecated
Filename: core/Controller.php
Line Number: 75
Backtrace:
File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Publications.php
File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Publications::$load is deprecated
Filename: core/Controller.php
Line Number: 78
Backtrace:
File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Publications.php
File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Publications::$db is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 390
Backtrace:
File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Publications.php
File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
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Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_DB_mysqli_driver::$failover is deprecated
Filename: database/DB_driver.php
Line Number: 371
Backtrace:
File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Publications.php
File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
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Message: Return type of CI_Session_files_driver::open($save_path, $name) should either be compatible with SessionHandlerInterface::open(string $path, string $name): bool, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice
Filename: drivers/Session_files_driver.php
Line Number: 113
Backtrace:
File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Publications.php
File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
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Message: Return type of CI_Session_files_driver::close() should either be compatible with SessionHandlerInterface::close(): bool, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice
Filename: drivers/Session_files_driver.php
Line Number: 280
Backtrace:
File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Publications.php
File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
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Message: Return type of CI_Session_files_driver::read($session_id) should either be compatible with SessionHandlerInterface::read(string $id): string|false, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice
Filename: drivers/Session_files_driver.php
Line Number: 145
Backtrace:
File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Publications.php
File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
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Message: Return type of CI_Session_files_driver::write($session_id, $session_data) should either be compatible with SessionHandlerInterface::write(string $id, string $data): bool, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice
Filename: drivers/Session_files_driver.php
Line Number: 223
Backtrace:
File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Publications.php
File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
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Message: Return type of CI_Session_files_driver::destroy($session_id) should either be compatible with SessionHandlerInterface::destroy(string $id): bool, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice
Filename: drivers/Session_files_driver.php
Line Number: 303
Backtrace:
File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Publications.php
File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
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Message: Return type of CI_Session_files_driver::gc($maxlifetime) should either be compatible with SessionHandlerInterface::gc(int $max_lifetime): int|false, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice
Filename: drivers/Session_files_driver.php
Line Number: 344
Backtrace:
File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Publications.php
File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
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Message: ini_set(): Session ini settings cannot be changed after headers have already been sent
Filename: Session/Session.php
Line Number: 281
Backtrace:
File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Publications.php
File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
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Message: session_set_cookie_params(): Session cookie parameters cannot be changed after headers have already been sent
Filename: Session/Session.php
Line Number: 288
Backtrace:
File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Publications.php
File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
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Message: ini_set(): Session ini settings cannot be changed after headers have already been sent
Filename: Session/Session.php
Line Number: 303
Backtrace:
File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Publications.php
File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: Warning
Message: ini_set(): Session ini settings cannot be changed after headers have already been sent
Filename: Session/Session.php
Line Number: 313
Backtrace:
File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Publications.php
File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
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Message: ini_set(): Session ini settings cannot be changed after headers have already been sent
Filename: Session/Session.php
Line Number: 314
Backtrace:
File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Publications.php
File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
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Message: ini_set(): Session ini settings cannot be changed after headers have already been sent
Filename: Session/Session.php
Line Number: 315
Backtrace:
File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Publications.php
File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
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Message: ini_set(): Session ini settings cannot be changed after headers have already been sent
Filename: Session/Session.php
Line Number: 316
Backtrace:
File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Publications.php
File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
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Message: ini_set(): Session ini settings cannot be changed after headers have already been sent
Filename: drivers/Session_files_driver.php
Line Number: 94
Backtrace:
File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Publications.php
File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: Warning
Message: session_set_save_handler(): Session save handler cannot be changed after headers have already been sent
Filename: Session/Session.php
Line Number: 107
Backtrace:
File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Publications.php
File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: Warning
Message: session_start(): Session cannot be started after headers have already been sent
Filename: Session/Session.php
Line Number: 140
Backtrace:
File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Publications.php
File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Publications::$session is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 1290
Backtrace:
File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Publications.php
File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Publications::$MPublicationsCategories is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 353
Backtrace:
File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Publications.php
File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Optional parameter $num declared before required parameter $category_id is implicitly treated as a required parameter
Filename: models/MPublications.php
Line Number: 33
Backtrace:
File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Publications.php
File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Optional parameter $offset declared before required parameter $category_id is implicitly treated as a required parameter
Filename: models/MPublications.php
Line Number: 0
Backtrace:
File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Publications.php
File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Optional parameter $num declared before required parameter $category_id is implicitly treated as a required parameter
Filename: models/MPublications.php
Line Number: 86
Backtrace:
File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Publications.php
File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Optional parameter $offset declared before required parameter $category_id is implicitly treated as a required parameter
Filename: models/MPublications.php
Line Number: 0
Backtrace:
File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Publications.php
File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Publications::$MPublications is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 353
Backtrace:
File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Publications.php
File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property Publications::$MSettings is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 353
Backtrace:
File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Publications.php
File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$benchmark is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 925
Backtrace:
File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Publications.php
File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$hooks is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 925
Backtrace:
File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Publications.php
File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$config is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 925
Backtrace:
File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Publications.php
File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$log is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 925
Backtrace:
File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Publications.php
File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$utf8 is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 925
Backtrace:
File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Publications.php
File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$uri is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 925
Backtrace:
File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Publications.php
File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$exceptions is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 925
Backtrace:
File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Publications.php
File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$router is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 925
Backtrace:
File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Publications.php
File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$output is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 925
Backtrace:
File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Publications.php
File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$security is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 925
Backtrace:
File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Publications.php
File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$input is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 925
Backtrace:
File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Publications.php
File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$lang is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 925
Backtrace:
File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Publications.php
File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$load is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 925
Backtrace:
File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Publications.php
File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$db is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 925
Backtrace:
File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Publications.php
File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$session is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 925
Backtrace:
File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Publications.php
File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$MPublicationsCategories is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 925
Backtrace:
File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Publications.php
File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$MPublications is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 925
Backtrace:
File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Publications.php
File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
A PHP Error was encountered
Severity: 8192
Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$MSettings is deprecated
Filename: core/Loader.php
Line Number: 925
Backtrace:
File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Publications.php
File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
موقع الدكتور الشيخ علاء الدين الزعتري | صلةَ الاقتصاد الإسلامي بالشريعة الإسلامية
صلةَ الاقتصاد الإسلامي بالشريعة الإسلامية
جوانبُ اقتصادية من حياة خير البرية
الدكتور علاء الدين زعتري
إنَّ صلةَ الاقتصاد الإسلامي بالشريعة الإسلامية صلة مستمرة؛ فهي كل متناسق؛
فالجانب الروحي يشمل العلاقة بين الإنسان وخالقه،
والجانب الاجتماعي يقوم على المساواة بين الناس في الحقوق والمكانة الاجتماعية، على أساس المودة والرحمة وحسن الإدارة والنظام،
والجانب السياسي يقوم على أساس الالتزام بالأصول والمبادئ الإسلامية في إدارة الحكم، وتأمين مستلزمات الناس أمنياً واقتصادياً وخدمياً وثقافياً،
والجانب الخلقي يشمل الصفات الشخصية التي تتمثل في أرقى الأخلاق، وأكمل السمات؛ مثل الصدق، والأمانة، والوفاء، والعدالة، والتراحم، والسخاء، وسعة الأفق، والصبر، والحلم، والشجاعة، وغيرها مما اتّصف به نبينا الكريم صلى الله عليه وسلم.
فصدقُ رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم وأمانته حتى قبل البعثة والرسالة، وقبل الوحي؛ جعلت المشركين يقرون بها لمن آتاه الله الكمالات.
فقد كان يُعرف بالأمين، وهو لقب لا يتصف به إلا من بلغ الغاية في الصدق والأمانة.
أما الجانب الاقتصادي فقد وضع الإسلام فيه قواعد، وقرنها بضوابط وحدود.
فالشرع يقيّد نشاط الفرد بعدد من القواعد مراعاةً لمصلحة الجماعة، ثمّ يفتح له المجال واسعاً للعمل، واكتساب الثروة بالطرق المشروعة والنافعة له وللمجتمع، ويحفظ له ملكيته مع تحديد تصرفه فيها.
والإسلام يمنع تقييد الحريات في سبيل العمل واكتساب الثروة، ويُلزم المجتمع بعدم تعطيل الموارد ويوجب تنميتها لتحقيق العدالة.
وما بين منع التقييد المطلق، وما بين التقييد المنضبط المسؤول تقف على شرطين:
حيث إن الحرية في النشاط الاقتصادي التي منحها الإسلام للإنسان من العمل والكسب والتملك والتمتع برزق الله، لم يتركها مطلقة، بل قيدها بقيدين أساسيين:
أولهما: أن يكون هذا النشاط غير مضر بالمصلحة العامة.
ثانيهما: أن يكون مشروعاً من وجهة نظر الإسلام.
وكلا القيدين ضروري لا بد منه.
- أما القيد الأول، فلأن الإضرار بالآخرين محرم، بناء على القاعدة الإسلامية الكبرى، لا ضرر ولا ضرار، وذلك قائم على قول الله تعالى: ]ولا تعتدوا إن الله لا يحب المعتدين[ [البقرة: 190]، فإذا وقع التعدي والإضرار بالآخرين وَجَبَ على ولي الأمر أن يتدخل ليعيد الأمور إلى نصابها، ويُرْجِع الحق إلى صاحبه.
- أما القيد الثاني، فإن الأصل أن كل نشاط اقتصادي مشروع في ظل الإسلام، إلا ما ورد النص بتحريمه، وذلك تطبيقاً لقاعدة: - الأصل في المعاملات الإباحة - وبذلك يكون الإسلام قد فتح آفاقاً واسعة للنشاط الاقتصادي، ولكنها محدودة ومقيدة بالنصوص المحرمة لبعض النشاطات المضرة.
بل حث الإسلام على العمل والكسب الحلال، قال رسول الله e: "اليد العليا خير من اليد السفلى"([1] .
وبما أن الإنسان مأمور بالعمل فلا بد أن يكون كسبه حلالاً حتى يبارك الله له فيه، وإذا أراد الإنسان المسلم تنمية ماله، فلا بد أن يكون خالصاً من الشوائب المحرمة كالربا مثلاً، فإنّه ممحق البركة، يقول رسول الله e: "أيها الناس إن الله طيّب لا يقبل إلا طيباً"([2] .
والعمل مطلوب في كل وقت إلى يوم القيامة، ومما يؤكد ذلك قول رسول الله e: "إن قامت الساعة وبيد أحدكم فسيلة([3] ، فإن استطاع ألا يقوم حتى يغرسها فليفعل"([4] .
وقال رسول الله e: "ما من مسلم يغرس غرساً، أو يزرع زرعاً، فيأكل منه طير أو إنسان أو بهيمة إلا كان له به صدقة"([5] .
ومما يجب التنبيه له أن الإسلام الذي يأمر بإحياء الأرض ينهى أيضاً عن الغلو في ذلك والإسراف فيه، فمن صرف همّه ووقته وجهده في البحث عن المال فحسب فهو غالٍ في عمله هذا، قال رسول الله e: "إذا تبايعتم بالعينة([6] ، وأخذتم بأذناب البقر، ورضيتم بالزرع، وتركتم الجهاد، سَلَّط الله عليكم ذلاًّ لا ينـزع حتى ترجعوا إلى دينكم"([7] .
كما أمر اللهُ سبحانه وتعالى الإنسانَ بعمارة الأرض؛ وذلك باستخدام كل ما فيها من موارد؛ ظاهرة وباطنة، وذلك بالبحث والدراسة، وتطوير العالم بخبراته، والعلم بوسائله، وتوفير الحوافز اللازمة لذلك، وسخر الله للإنسان سبل العيش وكسب المال، ورَزَقَهُ من الطيبات، ومَكَّنَه من العمل، ووعده بحسن المثوبة لمن أطاع واتقى؛ فقال سبحانه: {وَقُلِ اعْمَلُوا فَسَيَرَى اللَّهُ عَمَلَكُمْ} [التوبة: 105] فالمطلوب: العمل وأداء الواجب بما يتحقق به نفع الناس والمجتمع.
فأصول الصناعات؛ كالفلاحة، والحياكة، والبناية، وصناعة الأغذية، والتجارة فرضٌ على الكفاية عند حاجة المجتمع.
والمطّلع على أقوال المصطفى صلى الله عليه وسلم وأوامره ونواهيه يجد جلياً الضوابطَ التي يجب الالتزام بها في جميع فنون الاقتصاد؛ وهدفها الواضح هو إتقان الإنتاج، وترشيد الاستهلاك وربطه بظروف المجتمع، وأمن التبادل، وتوفير مبدأ التوازن والدقة في عمارة الأرض، دون نسيان لإعادة التوزيع؛ تكافلاً وتعاضداً، ومواساة للمحتاجين.
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