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File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
موقع الدكتور الشيخ علاء الدين الزعتري | مفهوم الفقه
مفهوم الفقه
002 الدرس الثاني لمجموعات الفتوى
الفصل التمهيدي مقدمات لا بد منها في التعرف على الفقه
المطلب الأول: معنى الفقه:
الفقه لغة: الفهم مطلقاً، سواءٌ ما ظهر أو خفي، بدلالة قوله تعالى حكاية عن قوم شعيب: {قَالُوا يَا شُعَيْبُ مَا نَفْقَهُ كَثِيرًا مِمَّا تَقُول} [هود: 91]، وقوله تعالى: {وَإِنْ مِنْ شَيْءٍ إِلاَّ يُسَبِّحُ بِحَمْدِهِ وَلَكِنْ لاَ تَفْقَهُونَ تَسْبِيحَهُمْ} [الإسراء: 44]، وقوله سبحانه: {فَمَالِ هَؤُلَاءِ الْقَوْمِ لَا يَكَادُونَ يَفْقَهُونَ حَدِيثًا} [النساء: 78].
تعريف الفقه عند علماء أصول الفقه:
أخذ الفقه في اصطلاح الأصوليين أطواراً ثلاثة:
الطور الأول: أن لفظ الفقه مرادف للفظ الشرع، فهو معرفة كل ما جاء عن الله سبحانه وتعالى، سواءٌ ما يتصل بالعقيدة أو الأخلاق أو أفعال الجوارح، ومن ذلك ما عرَّف به الإمام أبو حنيفة الفقه بأنه: (معرفة النفس ما لها، وما عليها)([1] ) ، وسمى كتابه في العقائد: (الفقه الأكبر).
والمعرفة: (هي إدراك الجزئيات عن دليل). والمراد بها هنا سببها: وهو الملكة الحاصلة من تتبع القواعد مرة بعد أخرى.
الطور الثاني، وقد دخله بعض التخصيص، فاستُبعد علم العقائد، وجٌعل علماً مستقلاً، وعُرِّف الفقه بأنه: (العلم بالأحكام الفرعية الشرعية المستمدة من الأدلة التفصيلية).
وهذا التعريف يتناول الأحكام العملية المتصلة بأفعال الجوارح، كما يتناول الأحكام الشرعية الفرعية القلبية؛ كمثل: حرمة الرياء والكِبْر والحسد، ونحو ذلك.
الطور الثالث، وفيه استقر رأي العلماء على تعريف الفقه إلى يومنا هذا أن الفقه هو العلم بالأحكام الشرعية الفرعية العملية المستَمدَّة من الأدلة التفصيلية.
وعلى هذا، فقد أُفرِد للأحكام الشرعية الفردية المتصلة بأحكام القلب علم خاص، عُرِف باسم (علم التصوف أو علم الأخلاق).
ومن هذا التعريف نعلم أن وصف الفقيه لا يطلق عند علماء الأصول على المقلد، مهما كان عنده من علم الفقه ومهما أحاط بفروعه، بل الفقيه عندهم من كانت له مَلَكَةُ استنباط الأحكام من أدلتها التفصيلية، وليس من الضروري أن يكون محيطاً بجميع أحكام الفروع، فأكثر الأئمة المعروفين توقفوا في بعض المسائل؛ إما لتعارض الأدلة عندهم تعارضاً يصعب معه ترجيح دليل على دليل، أو لم تصل إليهم أدلة على المسائل التي توقفوا فيها.
تعريف الفقه عند الفقهاء:
يطلق الفقه عند الفقهاء على أحد معنيين:
أولهما: حفظ طائفة من الأحكام الشرعية العملية الواردة في الكتاب أو السنة، أو وقع الإجماع عليها، أو استُنبطت بطريق القياس المعتبر شرعاً، أو بأي دليل آخر يرجع إلى هذه الأدلة، سواءٌ أحفظت هذه الأحكام بأدلتها أم بدونها.
وثانيهما، أن الفقه يطلق على: مجموعة الأحكام والمسائل الشرعية العملية.
وتم الاستقرار على الفقه بالتعريف المشهور بأنه: (العلم بالأحكام الشرعية العملية المكتسب من أدلتها التفصيلية)([2] ) .
والمقصود بالعلم هنا: الإدراك مطلقاً الذي يتناول اليقين والظن؛ لأن الأحكام العملية قد تثبت بدليل قطعي يقيني، كما تثبت غالباً بدليل ظني.
والأحكام: جمع حكم، وهو مطلوب الشارع الحكيم، أو هو: (خطاب الله تعالى المتعلق بأفعال المكلفين اقتضاء أو تخييراً أو وضعاً).
والمراد بالخطاب عند الفقهاء: هو الأثر المترتب عليه، كإيجاب الصلاة، وتحريم القتل، وإباحة الأكل، واشتراط الوضوء للصلاة.
واحترز بعبارة (العلم بالأحكام) عن العلم بالذوات والصفات والأفعال.
و(الشرعية): المأخوذة من الشرع، فيحترز بها عن الأحكام الحسية مثل: الشمس المشرقة، والأحكام العقلية مثل: الواحد نصف الاثنين، والأحكام اللغوية أو الوضعية، مثل: الفاعل مرفوع، أو نسبة أمر إلى آخر إيجاباً أو سلباً مثل زيد قائم، أو غير قائم.
و(العملية): المتعلقة بالعمل القلبي كالنية، أو غير القلبي مما يمارسه الإنسان مثل القراءة والصلاة ونحوها من عمل الجوارح الباطنة والظاهرة.
والمراد أن أكثرها عملي؛ إذ منها ما هو نظري، مثل اختلاف الدين مانع من الإرث. واحترز بها عن الأحكام العلمية والاعتقادية، كأصول الفقه، وأصول الدين كالعلم بكون الإله واحداً سميعاً بصيراً. وتسمى العملية أحياناً: (الفرعية) والاعتقادية: (الأصلية).
و(المكتسب) صفة للعلم: ومعناه المستنبط بالنظر والاجتهاد، وهو احتراز عن علم الله تعالى، وعلم ملائكته بالأحكام الشرعية، وعلم الرسول الحاصل بالوحي، لا بالاجتهاد، وعلمنا بالبدهيات أو الضروريات التي لا تحتاج إلى دليل ونظر، كوجوب الصلوات الخمس، فلا تسمى هذه المعلومات فقهاً، لأنها غير مكتسبة.
والمراد بالأدلة التفصيلية: ما جاء في القرآن، والسنة، والإجماع، والقياس.
واحترز بها عن علم المقلد لأئمة الاجتهاد، فإن المقلد لم يستدل على كل مسألة يعملها بدليل تفصيلي، بل بدليل واحد يعم جميع أعماله، وهو مطالبته بسؤال أهل الذكر والعلم، فيجب عليه العمل بناء على استفتاء منه.
وموضوع الفقه: هو أفعال المكلفين من حيث مطالبتهم بها، إما فعلاً كالصلاة، أو تركاً كالغصب، أو تخييراً كالأكل.
والمكلفون: هم البالغون العاقلون الذين تعلقت بأفعالهم التكاليف الشرعية.
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