A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_URI::$config is deprecated

Filename: core/URI.php

Line Number: 101

Backtrace:

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Router::$uri is deprecated

Filename: core/Router.php

Line Number: 127

Backtrace:

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property Lessons::$benchmark is deprecated

Filename: core/Controller.php

Line Number: 75

Backtrace:

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Lessons.php
Line: 5
Function: __construct

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property Lessons::$hooks is deprecated

Filename: core/Controller.php

Line Number: 75

Backtrace:

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Lessons.php
Line: 5
Function: __construct

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property Lessons::$config is deprecated

Filename: core/Controller.php

Line Number: 75

Backtrace:

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Lessons.php
Line: 5
Function: __construct

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property Lessons::$log is deprecated

Filename: core/Controller.php

Line Number: 75

Backtrace:

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Lessons.php
Line: 5
Function: __construct

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property Lessons::$utf8 is deprecated

Filename: core/Controller.php

Line Number: 75

Backtrace:

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Lessons.php
Line: 5
Function: __construct

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property Lessons::$uri is deprecated

Filename: core/Controller.php

Line Number: 75

Backtrace:

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Lessons.php
Line: 5
Function: __construct

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property Lessons::$exceptions is deprecated

Filename: core/Controller.php

Line Number: 75

Backtrace:

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Lessons.php
Line: 5
Function: __construct

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property Lessons::$router is deprecated

Filename: core/Controller.php

Line Number: 75

Backtrace:

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Lessons.php
Line: 5
Function: __construct

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property Lessons::$output is deprecated

Filename: core/Controller.php

Line Number: 75

Backtrace:

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Lessons.php
Line: 5
Function: __construct

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property Lessons::$security is deprecated

Filename: core/Controller.php

Line Number: 75

Backtrace:

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Lessons.php
Line: 5
Function: __construct

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property Lessons::$input is deprecated

Filename: core/Controller.php

Line Number: 75

Backtrace:

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Lessons.php
Line: 5
Function: __construct

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property Lessons::$lang is deprecated

Filename: core/Controller.php

Line Number: 75

Backtrace:

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Lessons.php
Line: 5
Function: __construct

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property Lessons::$load is deprecated

Filename: core/Controller.php

Line Number: 78

Backtrace:

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Lessons.php
Line: 5
Function: __construct

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property Lessons::$db is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 390

Backtrace:

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Lessons.php
Line: 5
Function: __construct

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_DB_mysqli_driver::$failover is deprecated

Filename: database/DB_driver.php

Line Number: 371

Backtrace:

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Lessons.php
Line: 5
Function: __construct

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Return type of CI_Session_files_driver::open($save_path, $name) should either be compatible with SessionHandlerInterface::open(string $path, string $name): bool, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice

Filename: drivers/Session_files_driver.php

Line Number: 113

Backtrace:

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Lessons.php
Line: 5
Function: __construct

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Return type of CI_Session_files_driver::close() should either be compatible with SessionHandlerInterface::close(): bool, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice

Filename: drivers/Session_files_driver.php

Line Number: 280

Backtrace:

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Lessons.php
Line: 5
Function: __construct

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Return type of CI_Session_files_driver::read($session_id) should either be compatible with SessionHandlerInterface::read(string $id): string|false, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice

Filename: drivers/Session_files_driver.php

Line Number: 145

Backtrace:

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Lessons.php
Line: 5
Function: __construct

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Return type of CI_Session_files_driver::write($session_id, $session_data) should either be compatible with SessionHandlerInterface::write(string $id, string $data): bool, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice

Filename: drivers/Session_files_driver.php

Line Number: 223

Backtrace:

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Lessons.php
Line: 5
Function: __construct

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Return type of CI_Session_files_driver::destroy($session_id) should either be compatible with SessionHandlerInterface::destroy(string $id): bool, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice

Filename: drivers/Session_files_driver.php

Line Number: 303

Backtrace:

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Lessons.php
Line: 5
Function: __construct

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Return type of CI_Session_files_driver::gc($maxlifetime) should either be compatible with SessionHandlerInterface::gc(int $max_lifetime): int|false, or the #[\ReturnTypeWillChange] attribute should be used to temporarily suppress the notice

Filename: drivers/Session_files_driver.php

Line Number: 344

Backtrace:

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Lessons.php
Line: 5
Function: __construct

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: Warning

Message: ini_set(): Session ini settings cannot be changed after headers have already been sent

Filename: Session/Session.php

Line Number: 281

Backtrace:

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Lessons.php
Line: 5
Function: __construct

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: Warning

Message: session_set_cookie_params(): Session cookie parameters cannot be changed after headers have already been sent

Filename: Session/Session.php

Line Number: 288

Backtrace:

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Lessons.php
Line: 5
Function: __construct

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: Warning

Message: ini_set(): Session ini settings cannot be changed after headers have already been sent

Filename: Session/Session.php

Line Number: 303

Backtrace:

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Lessons.php
Line: 5
Function: __construct

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: Warning

Message: ini_set(): Session ini settings cannot be changed after headers have already been sent

Filename: Session/Session.php

Line Number: 313

Backtrace:

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Lessons.php
Line: 5
Function: __construct

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: Warning

Message: ini_set(): Session ini settings cannot be changed after headers have already been sent

Filename: Session/Session.php

Line Number: 314

Backtrace:

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Lessons.php
Line: 5
Function: __construct

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: Warning

Message: ini_set(): Session ini settings cannot be changed after headers have already been sent

Filename: Session/Session.php

Line Number: 315

Backtrace:

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Lessons.php
Line: 5
Function: __construct

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: Warning

Message: ini_set(): Session ini settings cannot be changed after headers have already been sent

Filename: Session/Session.php

Line Number: 316

Backtrace:

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Lessons.php
Line: 5
Function: __construct

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: Warning

Message: ini_set(): Session ini settings cannot be changed after headers have already been sent

Filename: drivers/Session_files_driver.php

Line Number: 94

Backtrace:

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Lessons.php
Line: 5
Function: __construct

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: Warning

Message: session_set_save_handler(): Session save handler cannot be changed after headers have already been sent

Filename: Session/Session.php

Line Number: 107

Backtrace:

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Lessons.php
Line: 5
Function: __construct

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: Warning

Message: session_start(): Session cannot be started after headers have already been sent

Filename: Session/Session.php

Line Number: 140

Backtrace:

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Lessons.php
Line: 5
Function: __construct

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property Lessons::$session is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 1290

Backtrace:

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Lessons.php
Line: 5
Function: __construct

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Optional parameter $num declared before required parameter $category_id is implicitly treated as a required parameter

Filename: models/MLessons.php

Line Number: 37

Backtrace:

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Lessons.php
Line: 7
Function: model

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Optional parameter $offset declared before required parameter $category_id is implicitly treated as a required parameter

Filename: models/MLessons.php

Line Number: 0

Backtrace:

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Lessons.php
Line: 7
Function: model

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Optional parameter $num declared before required parameter $category_id is implicitly treated as a required parameter

Filename: models/MLessons.php

Line Number: 98

Backtrace:

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Lessons.php
Line: 7
Function: model

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Optional parameter $offset declared before required parameter $category_id is implicitly treated as a required parameter

Filename: models/MLessons.php

Line Number: 0

Backtrace:

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Lessons.php
Line: 7
Function: model

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property Lessons::$MLessons is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 353

Backtrace:

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Lessons.php
Line: 7
Function: model

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property Lessons::$MLessonsCategories is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 353

Backtrace:

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Lessons.php
Line: 8
Function: model

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property Lessons::$MSettings is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 353

Backtrace:

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Lessons.php
Line: 9
Function: model

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$benchmark is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 925

Backtrace:

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Lessons.php
Line: 75
Function: view

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$hooks is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 925

Backtrace:

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Lessons.php
Line: 75
Function: view

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$config is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 925

Backtrace:

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Lessons.php
Line: 75
Function: view

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$log is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 925

Backtrace:

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Lessons.php
Line: 75
Function: view

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$utf8 is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 925

Backtrace:

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Lessons.php
Line: 75
Function: view

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$uri is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 925

Backtrace:

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Lessons.php
Line: 75
Function: view

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$exceptions is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 925

Backtrace:

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Lessons.php
Line: 75
Function: view

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$router is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 925

Backtrace:

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Lessons.php
Line: 75
Function: view

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$output is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 925

Backtrace:

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Lessons.php
Line: 75
Function: view

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$security is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 925

Backtrace:

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Lessons.php
Line: 75
Function: view

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$input is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 925

Backtrace:

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Lessons.php
Line: 75
Function: view

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$lang is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 925

Backtrace:

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Lessons.php
Line: 75
Function: view

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$load is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 925

Backtrace:

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Lessons.php
Line: 75
Function: view

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$db is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 925

Backtrace:

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Lessons.php
Line: 75
Function: view

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$session is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 925

Backtrace:

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Lessons.php
Line: 75
Function: view

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$MLessons is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 925

Backtrace:

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Lessons.php
Line: 75
Function: view

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$MLessonsCategories is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 925

Backtrace:

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Lessons.php
Line: 75
Function: view

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property CI_Loader::$MSettings is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 925

Backtrace:

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Lessons.php
Line: 75
Function: view

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

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A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property Lessons::$MSpeechesCategories is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 353

Backtrace:

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/views/header_section.php
Line: 7
Function: model

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/views/master.php
Line: 8
Function: include_once

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Lessons.php
Line: 75
Function: view

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property Lessons::$MFatawaCategories is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 353

Backtrace:

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/views/header_section.php
Line: 11
Function: model

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/views/master.php
Line: 8
Function: include_once

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Lessons.php
Line: 75
Function: view

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property Lessons::$MBooksCategories is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 353

Backtrace:

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/views/header_section.php
Line: 15
Function: model

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/views/master.php
Line: 8
Function: include_once

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Lessons.php
Line: 75
Function: view

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property Lessons::$MResearchesCategories is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 353

Backtrace:

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/views/header_section.php
Line: 19
Function: model

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/views/master.php
Line: 8
Function: include_once

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/controllers/Lessons.php
Line: 75
Function: view

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/index.php
Line: 315
Function: require_once

A PHP Error was encountered

Severity: 8192

Message: Creation of dynamic property Lessons::$MPublicationsCategories is deprecated

Filename: core/Loader.php

Line Number: 353

Backtrace:

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/views/header_section.php
Line: 23
Function: model

File: /home/alzatari/public_html/application/views/master.php
Line: 8
Function: include_once

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رسالة الموقع
أول أيام شهر رمضان للعام 1442 هجري، هو يوم الثلاثاء الواقع فث 13/ 4/ 2021 ميلادي. تقبل الله منا و

التشريع في عصر الخلفاء الراشدين

التشريع في عصر الخلفاء الراشدين

 

           مصادر التشريع في عصر الخلفاء الراشدين

  1. القران الكريم
  2. السنة النبوية
  3. الاجتهاد

 

  1. I.المصدر الأول القرآن الكريم
  • لما نزل شئ من القران, بلغه الرسول إلى جمهور المسلمين وأمر كتَّاب وحيه بكتابته,

من المسلمين من كان يكتفي بحفظه ما يتلقي, و منهم من كان يكتب.

  • لم يجمع القران في مصحف واحد في عهد الرسول حتي توفي. وكان محفوظا في صدور المسلمين, وصحف كتاب الوحي, والصحف الأخري التي كانت بأيدي الكتاب ومنهم من كان يحفظه كله.
  1. i.             جمع المصحف في عهد ابي بكر
  2. ii.            الجمع الثاني: المصحف العثماني
  3. II.المصدر الثاني: السنة النبوة

السنة النبوة لم تجمع و لم تدون في عصر النبوة وكذلك في عصر الخلفاء الراشدين. وكانت محفوظة في صدور الرجال.

III.            المصدر الثالث: الاجتهاد

الاجتهاد : بذل الجهد في استنباط الحكم الشرعي مما اعتبلره الشارع دليلا وهو كتاب الله وسنة نبيه, وهو يشمل ثلاثة وجوه:

o       الوجه الأول               : اخذ الحكم من ظواهر النصوص اذا كان محل الحكم مما تتناول تلك النصوص

o       الوجه الثاني              : اخذ الحكم من معقول النص

o       الوجه الثالث            : تنزيل الوقائع الجديدة علي القواعد العامة المأخوذة من الأدلة المتفرقة في القران والسنة

  1. a)اجتهاد الصحابة

توفي النبي وترك الامر شوري بينهم فكان لا بد من إعمال الرأي

 

  1. b)منهج الصحابة في سلوك طريق الاجتهاد
  • المشورة


فقه الصحابة:

كان علماء الصحابة إذا سُئلوا في مسألة ما، نظروا في كتاب الله تعالى فإن لم يجدوا نظروا في سنة النبي صلى الله عليه و سلم، فإن لم يجدوا نصاً لا من الكتاب ولا من السنة، سألوا باقي الصحابة هل قضى أحد قبلنا في هذا الأمر بقضاء؟ فإن سمعوا أنَّ أحداً قضى بقضاء ونفذ ووجدوا أنَّ الأمر قريب قضوا.

ولقد كان الصحابة يتحفظون تحفظاً شديداً في الاجتهاد، فكان الواحد منهم إذا اضطر إلى الاجتهاد في حال عدم وجود نص، جمع مجلس الشورى وطرح القضية التي هو بصددها واستشار الصحابة العلماء وتجاذب معهم أطراف البحث والنقاش ولم ينفرد في إعطاء حكم، فإن انتهى إلى شيء - سواء كان أبو بكر أو عمر أو عثمان أو أي ممن جاء بعدهم - كان يقول: " هذا رأيي فإن كان صواباً فمن الله تعالى وإن كان خطأً فمني وأستغفر الله تعالى ".

وما أكثر ما كان يقول عمر: " لولا علي لهلك عمر ".

إذاً كان الصحابة يتواصون بالتدقيق في مسألة الاجتهاد بعد الشروط التي ذكرناها كلها، كما كانوا يتواصون فيما بينهم بالتريّث والفهم الشديد وعدم العجلة في الإفتاء، فها هو عمر لمّا أرسل كتابه لأبي موسى قال له بعد أن أمره أن يتتبع نصوص القرآن والسنّة فإن لم يجد، قال له: " الفهم، الفهم فيما تلجلج في صدرك مما ليس في كتاب الله و سنّة رسول الله صلى الله عليه و سلم "، أي لا تستعجل، تريَّث وفكِّر وتأمَّل.

ولا بد من الإشارة إلى أنَّ سيدنا عمر رضي الله عنه هو أول من فصل سلطة القضاء عن رئاسة الدولة، ففي عهد رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم وعهد أبي بكر كان كل منهما رئيس الدولة والقاضي في آن واحد . وفي عصر عمر، عندما اتسعت الفتوحات ولم يعد يجد الوقت كافياً لأن يجلس مجلس القضاء ومجلس إدارة أمور المسلمين، عندئذ فصل سلطة القضاء عن سلطة رئاسة الدولة وعيَّن أول قاضٍ أثناء خلافته وهو شريح رضي الله عنه.

وكان الصحابة لا يجيبون على سؤال فرض لم يقع بعد، فإذا سألهم سائل عن مسألة ما، كان أحدهم يجيب: " هل وقعت هذه المشكلة التي تسأل عنها "؟ فإن قال لا ما وقعت بعد ولكننا نحب أن نعلم إن وقعت هذه المشكلة ماذا نصنع ! كان الصحابي يجيب: " إذا وقعت فاسألوا عنها أمَّا الآن فقد كفانا الله مهمة البحث في أمر لم يقع ".

مثال: دية الأصابع، رجل قُطِعَت إصبعه، الخنصر أو البنصر أو السبابة أو الوسطى، ما هو القدر الذي ينبغي أن يؤخذ من الجاني كدية لهذا الإنسان؟

فكر عمر بن الخطاب رضي الله عنه في الموضوع وهو لا يذكر في هذا حديثاً عن رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم، فأراد أن يجتهد في الأمر، وأراد أن يجعل دية كل إصبع على حسب فائدة تلك الإصبع، ولكنه تريَّث وأخذ يسأل أصحاب رسول الله صلى الله عليه و سلم، فجاء من أخبره أنَّ النبي عليه الصلاة والسلام قضى بأنَّ في كل إصبع عشراً من الإبل متساوية يعني في قطع الأصابع العشرة دية كاملة. فرجع عمر رضي الله عنه وقال: " إن كدنا لنقضي في هذا برأينا ".

مثال آخر دية الجنين: سُئِلَ سيدنا عمر رضي الله عنه عن دية الجنين، اعتدى إنسان على امرأة حامل فأسقطت جنيناً، ما الجزاء؟ وقف عمر يناشد المسلمين أن يكون فيهم رجلاً سمع عن رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم أمراً في الدية. معلوم في القرآن أنَّ عقاب من اعتدى على إنسان ومات، هو القصاص فإن عفى وليَّه تصبح عقوبته دفع الدية، هذا هو الحكم العام والجنين يُعتبَر إنساناً ومات، وعلى هذا يأخذ الجاني الحكم نفسه، إما القصاص وإما الدية.

و لكن عمر تريَّث، لعل في سنة رسول الله صلى الله عليه و سلم شيئاً خاصاً. فقام أحد الصحابة وقال إنَّ جمل ابن مالك جاء يشكو إلى رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم أنه كانت له زوجتان فتخاصمتا فضربت إحداهما الأخرى فألقت جنيناً ميتاً، فقضى رسول الله صلى الله عليه و لم للجنين بغُرَّة يعني بنصف عشر الدية (خمسة من الإبل) فتهلل وجه عمر باسماً.

 

 

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